The Demonization of the Maduro Government versus Constructive Criticism
The Demonization of
Nicolás Maduro: Fallacies and Consequences
Some say it's not worth polemicizing with those on the
left who brush the issue of imperialism under the rug. Unfortunately, it's too
widespread to ignore. Here's my recent article on the topic, as it relates to
Venezuela. In it, I argue that the demonization of the government of Nicolas
Maduro undermines solidarity work in opposition to the devastating sanctions
imposed on Venezuela by Washington. Criticism of the Maduro government from a
leftist perspective is much needed, but articles which satanize Maduro, are counterproductive.
By Steve Ellner
Criticism of Venezuelan
president Nicolás Maduro from a leftist perspective is absolutely necessary and
some of it comes from those who, to varying degrees, support his government. Emiliano
Teran Mantovani and Gabriel
Hetland - who recently critiqued my writing on Maduro - and I are in agreement
on the importance of such critical analysis. In spite of this common
denominator, there are fundamental differences between us with regard to my
insistence on the need to contextualize the errors committed by Maduro and
to go beyond a simplistic binary of uncritical support for Maduro versus
demonization.
These issues have
far-reaching implications. The failure to objectively contextualize the errors,
transcend binaries, and recognize shades of differences translates into the
underestimation of the gravity of the U.S. sanctions and the denial of positive
aspects of the Maduro government. These positions and shortcomings, in my
opinion, seriously undermine international solidarity work and anti-imperialism
in general.
The War on Venezuela
Debated
In his article, Teran
begins a lengthy paragraph stating, "I want to make my position clear…
these sanctions are entirely condemnable," a position that, as he
acknowledges, is shared by leading members of Venezuela’s right-wing
opposition. His pronouncement, however, glosses over one of the main points I
make in my article. It's misleading to say ‘I'm opposed to the sanctions’ and
then proceed to attack government policy as if they are two separate topics. In
fact, my article goes into detail explaining why the war on Venezuela needs to
be placed at the center of any serious analysis of the Maduro presidencies.
In the article, I argue
that the Washington-orchestrated “war on Venezuela” extends well beyond sanctions
since it encompasses a broad array of regime-change and destabilization actions.
Yet Teran, like Hetland, limits his references regarding Washington machinations
to the sanctions.
To make matters worse, Teran,
in effect, downplays the severity of the sanctions which he claims “do not
explain the root causes” of the nation’s crisis. The sanctions only had a
“subsequent negative impact” – subsequent, that is, to the allegedly grievous errors
committed by Maduro, and Chávez before him.
One example of Teran’s underestimation
of the effects of the sanctions is his following statement: “Ellner refers to
the sanctions imposed by the Obama administration in 2015, but those were
limited to freezing assets and bank accounts in the US…” Teran, like the
Venezuelan opposition, portrays Obama’s executive order as an innocuous,
symbolic measure. It hardly was. In my article, I note that Obama’s order,
which declared Venezuela “an unusual and extraordinary threat” to U.S. national
security “signaled an escalation of hostility from Washington.”
Along these lines, I quote an article by Hetland published
a few years later which pointed out “the United States has pressured American
and European banks to avoid business with Venezuela, starving Venezuela of
needed funds.” It isn’t difficult to grasp why U.S. companies operating factories
in Venezuela disinvested in response to the president of their country calling Venezuela
a threat to U.S. national security. As I wrote in
a previous article, “Obama’s executive order sent a signal to the private
sector. After the order was implemented, various large U.S. firms including
Ford and Kimberly Clark closed factories and pulled out of Venezuela.” They
were soon followed by General Motors, Goodyear, and Kellogg’s, as well as the
Japanese firm Bridgestone.
Indeed, even before Trump assumed the presidency in
2017, a de facto financial embargo was imposed on Venezuela, as was noted by the
opposition spokesman and economist Francisco Rodríguez, who said at the time “the
financial markets are closed to Venezuela.”
Teran’s minimization of the
effects of the war on Venezuela reinforces and legitimizes the opposition’s
narrative which ridicules Maduro’s assertion that Washington’s actions are
responsible for Venezuela’s dire economic situation. Moisés Naím,
one of the architects of Venezuela’s neoliberal policies of the 1990s, wrote “Blaming
the CIA… or dark international forces, as Maduro and his allies customarily do,
has become fodder for parodies flooding YouTube.” Similarly, Teran writes “Followers
and supporters of Maduro’s government seem to always prefer to look for
external scapegoats.” In my article, I cite specific examples of the abundant, well-documented
literature that fully substantiates Maduro’s allegations regarding generously
financed “dark international forces.”
In his effort to discard
the relevance of the war on Venezuela, Teran suggests that explanations of
Maduro's implementation of neoliberal policies on the basis of U.S. imperialist
aggression are akin to those put forward by those who seek to justify Netanyahu's
genocide against Palestinians on the basis of Hamas’ October 7 attack. But it
should seem pretty obvious to anyone on the left that drawing an equivalence
between U.S. imperialism and the October 7 attack is somewhat far fetched, and
that placing Maduro’s economic policies in the same category as Netanyahu’s
genocide would be even more outrageous.
The Issue of Critical
Support
Turning to the second
area of contention between Teran and myself, serious analysis of Maduro needs
to avoid absolutes with regard to either praise or condemnation of his government.
Failing to grasp the complexity of how a progressive government is forced to navigate
a situation imposed by the world’s most powerful nation, located in the same
hemisphere, leads to simplistic conclusions that often align with those of the
political right. Yet Teran accuses me of being one-sided. He claims my
“arguments lack nuance” and that I fail to “avoid simplistic binaries.” In
doing so, he overlooks the criticisms of Maduro that I presented and that I have
analyzed in greater detail in other publications, as noted in the article.
Accusing me of
one-sidedness mirrors what others who vilify Maduro do when they brand supporters
of progressive Latin American governments as “campist,”
or upholding “a Manichaean
outlook” – a phrase used by Teran against me. Both terms are reminiscent of
McCarthyism with its attack on the entire left for being crypto-Communists or
fellow travelers.
By failing to recognize the
validity of the position of critical support for Maduro, Teran shows that he is
on board with the polarization of Venezuelan politics, which leaves gradations
out of the picture. For example, Teran (like Hetland) unfairly accuses me of justifying
repression by omission and adds that the “international left,” following the
July 28, 2024 presidential elections, ended up “legitimizing… brutal
repression.” He neglects to mention that in my article
I suggest that the evidence of significant right-wing and foreign involvement
in the post July 28 violent protests does not rule out the possible use of
excessive force by the Venezuelan state, as the two are not “mutually
exclusive.”
Which Left?
Teran ends his article by
asking: “Instead of providing Maduro critical support, why doesn’t the “international
left…dedicate their energy, resources, support and advocacy to strengthening a
left-wing opposition [in Venezuela] that might someday challenge for political
power?” The question, however, is somewhat ambiguous. If Teran is referring to
what political scientists call “a loyal opposition” – one that recognizes the
challenges facing Maduro and does not hesitate to support him in his denunciation
of imperialist aggression, and avoids equating him with the far right
represented by María Corina Machado – then such a proposition sounds
reasonable.
But the bulk of the Venezuelan
left located in the opposition camp hardly fits this description. It demonizes
Maduro, just as Teran and Hetland do. The actions of many of these leftists
play into the hands of the political right. If Maduro is brought down, the far
right headed by Machado – who says she wants to see Maduro and his family behind
bars – will undoubtedly dominate the new regime, with Washington’s blessing. If
this were to happen, the most likely scenario would be the kind of brutal repression
that has historically followed the downfall of progressive governments, from
Indonesia in 1967 to Chile in 1973. The anti-Maduro left is simply too weak to shape
the course of such events.
It is troubling, for
instance, that the Communist Party (PCV), in spite of its glorious history
dating back to its founding in 1931, endorsed the presidential candidacy of
Enrique Márquez in last year’s election. Márquez was a prominent leader of one
of the main parties that actively promoted destabilization and regime change in
the protracted street protests against Maduro in 2014 and 2017, and whole
heartedly supported
the right-wing parallel government of Juan Guaidó after 2019.
International Solidarity
Two key implications of the
debate over the demonization of Maduro hold particular significance for the
solidarity movement. First, vilifying Maduro discourages solidarity work. I
have reached this conclusion based on my experience giving numerous talks
sponsored by solidarity groups in cities throughout the U.S. and Canada since
2018. Solidarity activists have made clear to me that a fairly favorable view
of the Maduro government – specific criticisms notwithstanding – is a
motivating force for them. By contrast, those who despise a government are
unlikely to work with the same degree of enthusiasm in opposition
to U.S. interventionism. In this respect, the solidarity movement
differs from the anti-war movement, which tends to be less focused on the
domestic politics of the nations of the South and more concerned with military
spending and the death of U.S. soldiers, in addition to the devastation caused
by U.S. armed intervention.
Secondly, an analysis
that contextualizes government errors and the erosion of democratic norms leads
to a fundamental conclusion. The extent to which the war on Venezuela is
relaxed directly correlates with the potential to deepen democracy, invigorate
social movements and expand the government’s room for maneuver, thereby
increasing the likelihood of overcoming errors. History, after all, teaches us
that war and democracy are inherently incompatible. In their vilification of
the Maduro government, Hetland and Teran overlook this simple truth.
This article was previously
posted in Links: Journal of Socialist Renewal
Steve Ellner is
a retired professor at the Universidad de Oriente in Venezuela where he lived
for over 40 years. He is currently an Associate Managing Editor of Latin
American Perspectives. His latest book is the co-edited collection Latin
American Social Movements and Progressive Governments: Creative Tensions
Between Resistance and Convergence.





